Wednesday, July 8, 2015

August 2, 1865---The Last Flags*

AUGUST 2, 1865:

Somewhere off the western coast of Latin America, the C.S.S. SHENANDOAH met the H.M.S. BARRACOUTA. Although the BARRACOUTA was authorized to seize the commerce raider as a prize, the captain of the BARRACOUTA instead let SHENANDOAH sail on after he had informed Captain Waddell that the Civil War had indeed ended in the Spring. The BARRACOUTA’s Master also advised Waddell that SHENANDOAH had been declared a brigand vessel under the Law of The Sea, and was now being hunted by several nations for a rich cash prize. 

 

Waddell, who had ignored rumors about the end of the war for many weeks, decided this time to believe the British Captain. He ordered the Confederate Navy Jack struck as the two ships parted company.

Although the hunted ship could have safely and easily put into any port on the western coast of South America within days, Waddell decided (against explicit orders and against all measures of sanity) to sail back to England. Waddell chose to dare the Roaring Forties, sail into the teeth of the Austral winter, round the Horn, and sail 17,000 miles back to Britain rather than merely head east for Callao or Valparaiso in order to complete a circumnavigation and enter the history books.

As an outlaw vessel, SHENANDOAH could not put into port for supplies or repairs and could not take any more prizes without courting piracy. Already in dire straits when Waddell made his seemingly irrational decision, SHENANDOAH became “a perfect hell afloat.”

Her last prize dated back to late June. By this day in August, stores were running low. The ship was severely overmanned with its own crew to feed, plus the crews, officers, and other passengers of its prizes. Despite saner options Waddell turned the once-proud vessel into a prison ship, even a floating madhouse as it traveled onward, back to its beginning.

The Order was given and the Colors came down. SHENANDOAH was doomed to travel Stateless, hoping not to cross the paths of any U.S. Navy ships actively seeking to sink her. Against all odds, she reached her destination.

The Confederate Jack rose and fell one last time when the battered craft docked at Merseyside on November 6, 1865.


Even as SHENANDOAH struck her colors in the Pacific, a half a world away in the heart of the North American continent, glum-faced Confederates gathered in front of the Caddo Parish Courthouse in Shreveport, Louisiana to watch as at noontime the last Blood-Stained Banner, faded and dusty, lowered to the ground, was carried off by a soldier wearing blue, ultimately to become a memento of a time gone by.

They said nothing as the flag of the United States of America fluttered up the flagpole for the first time since 1860, there to remain forever.



*This blogpost of August the second 1865 is the last regular daily post of the ONCE A CIVIL WAR blog. Future entries will not be on a day-by-day basis but will commemorate specific dates and occurrences. It has been a pleasure "walking through the war" with you all.

August 1, 1865---The Inevitable Events: "As we have fought like men, like men we will make peace."

AUGUST 1, 1865:       

By the height of the Summer of 1865, the Civil War was passing into history.  Throughout the North, men were being mustered out of units wholesale, and being sent home to anxious, prideful families. 

The great Armies of the United States --- The Army of The Potomac and The Army of The Tennessee --- vanished virtually overnight, and the lesser Armies --- of The James, of The Ohio, and the others --- shrank to fractions of their former size. 

By the end of the summer, the U.S. Army as a whole would contract from 1,300,000 men to only one-tenth that size, 137,000 men. And yet, the remnant would still be nearly ten times the size --- 16,000 --- of the Army in 1860, a sign that things had not, and never would, return to how they had been. The power and presence of the Federal Government, limited to the Post Office Department in 1860, would be a daily presence in the lives of most Americans from this point forward.

This would particularly be the case in the South, where, for the next decade,  Federal troops would be garrisoned, guaranteeing the rights of Freedmen.

The arrival of “Union” troops in many areas previously inviolate disturbed most white Southerners, and spurred some to further resistance. For though the “war” was over, the fighting went on in momentary flashes. 

Throughout the former Confederacy, in backwoods pockets and in the hill country, groups of men, reduced to outlawry like Jesse James, continued to resist. Most of these holdouts, rebels with no cause left, would not last the winter. But others would, and brief wars with forgotten names went piecemeal until the early 1880s.

In the borderlands of West Virginia and Kentucky, the Hatfields and the McCoys shot at each other in a private Civil War that had become a family affair. 

In Missouri, Archie Clement continued to lead the remnant of William Quantrill’s battalion in pointless burn-and-plunder raids against fellow Show Me Staters, and would until he died in a gun battle with a Federal force in December.   

Other Missourians fought little wars of personal vengeance against each other for crimes committed during the war.

In Tennessee and Kentucky, and in Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and in Texas, scores were being settled by the score, often with ropes, whips, chains and guns.  Unionists hunted Confederates who had rewards on their scalps.  The insurgency that Lincoln, Grant and Sherman feared came to pass, though it was shriveled and the end was never in doubt.

Tens of thousands of paroled Confederates refused to take the Loyalty Oath to the United States, and would until October 2, 1865, when Robert E. Lee signed his own. 


And more than a few ex-Confederates greeted the “Yankees” enthusiastically, seeing in the reach of Federal power a road toward normalcy. Desperate for stability, and looking toward a more meaningful future, many local Confederate leaders joined with the Union garrison forces to find and disarm the holdouts, either through rational argument or through more violent means. 

The lesson was clear:  Raiding, bushwhacking, and outlawry were not going to be tolerated in civilized climes. 

Slowly and painfully, the irredeemable among the remaining men under arms were pushed west to the frontier where, out of violence, they created an era of American legend.  


In the northwestern corner of Louisiana, in Bossier and Caddo Parishes, though, it was as if nothing had changed.

Bossier Parish had been the first organized governmental unit of the United States to secede on November 26, 1860, as soon as word of Abraham Lincoln’s election reached the area. That very day, they authorized what became the first Confederate military unit, the Bossier Minutemen.

In neighboring Caddo Parish, they burned Robert E. Lee in effigy after Appomattox.  

When the eastern Confederacy collapsed, the Confederate Governor of Louisiana, Henry W. Allen, a wounded Civil War veteran, declared his Capital City-in-Exile, Shreveport, the Capital of the Confederacy. With the capture of Jefferson Davis on May 10th, Governor Allen became, for all intents and purposes, the Acting President of The Confederacy.   

Though General Edmund Kirby Smith’s surrender of the Trans-Mississippi included Shreveport, and specified the removal of Governor Allen from office, neither Allen nor his Confederate allies chose to abide by the agreement made in Galveston, an agreement they had had no part in creating. 

Smith’s disorderly “sham surrender” left northwestern Louisiana in a netherworld between peace and war. For two full months, the residents of the region remained defiant, living under the Blood-Stained Banner with the Bossier Minutemen at the ready.


Hearing of the capitulation of Austin, Texas on this day, Governor Allen at last read the writing on the wall. Appearing in front of Shreveport’s City Hall (his Capitol building), Allen addressed his Confederacy:

We must, he began, “submit to the inevitable” and “begin life anew.” These words drew boos from the crowd, but Allen continued,

"My countrymen, we have for four long years waged a war we deemed to be just in the sight of high heaven. We have not been the best, the wisest, nor the bravest people in the world, but we have suffered more and have borne our suffering with greater fortitude than any people on the face of God's green earth. Now let us show the world that as we have fought like men, like men we will make peace. Let there be no acts of violence, no heart burning, no intemperate language, but with manly dignity, submit to the inevitable events." 

Allen left the podium, weeping, to the sound of cheers. That afternoon he departed for Texas, and thence to Mexico, where he died in honor in 1866.

 
Only a few hours after Allen’s departure, the first Federal troops entered Shreveport. Most of the local Confederate militia laid down their arms without a fight.

July 31, 1865---"Final surrender"



JULY 31, 1865:                    

Robert E. Lee writes to his former aide Walter H. Taylor about compiling the history of  The Army of Northern Virginia:

My dear Colonel:

I am desirous that the bravery of the Army of N. Va shall be correctly transmitted to posterity.  This is the only tribute that can be paid to the worth of its noble officers & soldiers, & I am anxious to collect the necessary data for the history of the campaigns in Virginia from the commencement of its organization to its final surrender.


July 30, 1865---The Powder River War



JULY 30, 1865:          

The Powder River War begins in Wyoming Territory between the United States and combined bands of Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapahoe Indians. The purpose of the war is to destroy the Native American populations of the region to allow settlers free transit of the Bozeman Trail. 


July 29, 1865---The selling of Abraham Lincoln

JULY 29, 1865:          

The American mercantile spirit, ever restive, finds a way to exploit the death of President Lincoln: 

W.M. Raymond and Company begins an advertising campaign based on their provision of a casket for the beloved former President during his homeward journey.




The Anti-Tobacco League soon after finds itself posthumously “endorsed” by the late President.  
























Raymond's Casket Company and the Anti-Tobacco League are two of the earliest examples of marketing-by-association with the fallen President. 


As time passes and memory fades, Lincoln's name becomes a catchword,  implying the high moral fiber and honesty of financial houses, insurance companies, and carmakers. President John F. Kennedy is riding in a Lincoln when he is assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in 1963.  


Nebraska names its capital for the Railsplitter, and a children's toy allows youngsters to build a log cabin much like the one the  President was born in. 

July 28, 1865---Circular # 15

JULY 28, 1865:         


“Circular # 15” specifying new rules for the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, And Abandoned Lands (the Freedmen’s Bureau), is published:


I. Circular No. 13, of July 28, 1865, from this bureau, and all portions of circulars from this bureau conflicting with the provisions of this circular, are hereby rescinded.

II. This bureau has charge of such " tracts of land within the insurrectionary States as shall have been abandoned, or to which the United States shall have acquired title by confiscation or sale, or otherwise," and no such lands now in its possession shall be surrendered to any claimant except as hereinafter provided.

III. Abandoned lands are defined in section 2 of the act of Congress approved July 2, 1864, as lands, "the lawful owner whereof shall be voluntarily absent therefrom and engaged either in arms or otherwise in aiding or encouraging the rebellion."

IV. Land will not be regarded as confiscated until it has been condemned and sold by decree of the United States court for the district in which the property may be found, and the title thereto thus vested in the United States.

V. Upon its appearing satisfactorily to any assistant commissioner that any property under his control is not abandoned as above defined, and that the United States has acquired no title to it by confiscation, sale or otherwise, he will formally surrender it to the authorized claimant or claimants, promptly reporting his action to the Commissioner.

VI. Assistant commissioners will prepare accurate descriptions of all confiscated and abandoned lands under their control, keeping a record thereof themselves, and forwarding monthly to the Commissioner copies of these descriptions in the manner prescribed in circular No. 10, of July 11, 186.5, from this bureau. They will set apart so much of said lands as is necessary for the immediate use of loyal refugees and freedmen, being careful to select for this purpose those lands which most clearly fall under the control of this bureau, which selection must be submitted to the Commissioner for his approval. The specific division of lands so set apart into lots, and the rental or sale thereof, according to section 4, of the law establishing the bureau, will be completed as soon as practicable, and reported to the Commissioner.

VII. Abandoned lands held by this bureau may be restored to owners pardoned by the President, by the assistant commissioners, to whom applications for such restoration should be forwarded, so far as practicable, through the superintendents of the districts in which the lands are situated.

Each application must be accompanied by—

1st. Evidence of special pardon by the President, or a copy of the oath of amnesty prescribed in the President's proclamation of May 29, 1865, when the applicant is not included in any of the classes therein excepted from the benefits of said oath.

2d. Proof of title.

Officers of the bureau through whom the application passes will endorse thereon such facts as may assist the assistant commissioner in his decision, stating especially the use made by the bureau of the land.

VIII. No land under cultivation by loyal refugees or freedmen will be restored under this circular, until the crops now growing shall be secured for the benefit of the cultivators, unless full and just compensation be made for their labor and its products, and for their expenditures.

July 27, 1865---"Little more than a first-rate clerk."


JULY 27, 1865:                    

General Henry “Old Brains” Halleck is appointed to lead the new Military District of The Pacific. A timid combat commander, once U.S. General-in-Chief and then Army Chief of Staff, Halleck’s transfer to the far west effectively rids Grant and the Administration of the man President Lincoln once described as “little more than a first-rate clerk.” 

 

Tuesday, July 7, 2015

July 26, 1865---“If we are to die, in God’s name, let us perish like men and not like bales of hay.” *



JULY 26, 1865:          

Samuel Curly, a Virginia Freedman, attempted to claim his son from his former Master, who was still holding the boy in bondage. For his impertinence Curly was whipped and his life was threatened.



Slavery did not end as quickly and completely as the history books would have us believe. Documented cases in which white private citizens engaged in wrongful detention and forced labor of blacks --- per se enslavement --- were officially recorded as late as July 1867. In many areas of the postwar South slavery did not end until Emancipation was enforced at gunpoint by garrisoned Federal troops. Even after all the slaves were freed, black agricultural workers, most often sharecroppers, were subject to abuse, beatings, and forced labor by their landlords.


Killings and beatings --- lynchings --- of blacks were a daily occurrence in the early postwar period. There is no real estimate of the number of African Americans killed in the immediate postwar period, but one study speculates that at least one former slave --- man, woman, or child --- was killed every day in the Confederate and Border States in the Reconstruction period --- 4,380 black lives lost to violence between 1865 and 1877.**

Lynchings continued unabated after Reconstruction. 4,743 recorded lynchings took place in America between 1882 and 1968. Many of these lynchings were mass entertainments, the dates and times of which were advertised in the newspapers. The lynching of John Hartfield, suspected (but never accused, tried, or convicted) of murder took place in Ellisville, Mississippi, in 1919, sixty years after Ellisville had served as the capital of the pro-Union, pro-Abolition "Kingdom of Jones" during the Civil War. Hartsfield's gruesome death was accompanied by speechmaking, flag-waving, and brass bands. Over 10,000 whites came to watch a black man burn.

The lynching of accused murderer Henry Smith, in Paris, Texas on February 1, 1893, is considered the first “event” lynching. 10,000 spectators took part. The photograph is reminiscent of an outdoor rock festival of the 1960s.

In Waco, Texas, on May 15, 1916, Jesse Washington, a cognitively-challenged field hand was convicted by an all-white jury of murdering a white woman. They deliberated for four minutes before finding him guilty and recommending death. It is not known if Washington was actually guilty.

After sentence was pronounced, the courthouse spectators dragged Washington outside, where he was lynched right on the courthouse steps. After being castrated, he was strung up on a chain around his neck from which he was raised and lowered repeatedly into a large bonfire built beneath him. When he tried to climb the chain to escape the flames his fingers were hacked off. He suffered alternate bouts of asphyxia and burning for four hours before dying.

A crowd of 16,000 gathered to watch the lynching, including the Judge, the Police Chief, and children released early from school for that purpose. A photographer took a series of photographs of the killing. These (along with Washington’s body parts) were sold as souvenirs of the event. They also reached the national papers under the rubric of “The Waco Horror.”



In this picture, Jesse Washington’s head can clearly be seen amidst the ashes of his pyre.


Before Washington was burned alive he had coal oil poured over him. It is most likely he was still alive when this photograph was taken.

The photos of Washington’s burnt, mutilated body were sold as souvenir postcards both to those who were present and to collectors throughout the nation. The back of this postcard reads: 

“This is the barbecue we had last night. My picture is to the left with a cross over it.



Your son,



Joe”

The “cross” in Joe’s photo has turned to a smeared blob of ink with the passage of time, but Joe can clearly be seen, a hat-wearing young man in the front row with a face nearly devoid of expression.

In this shot, the immense crowd at Waco is seen from above. Jesse Washington’s body is still smoking.



Although many decent citizens were shocked, the outcry was rather muted overall for although the practice of lynching was concentrated in the deep South, lynchings were not unknown in the North.

 
The lynching of Thomas Shipp (L) and Abram Smith (R) took place in Marion, Indiana on August 30, 1930. It was the last recorded lynching in the northern United States. The two men were accused of raping a 16 year old white girl, Mary Ball, who insisted publicly that she had not been raped at all.
 
Duluth Minnesota saw its first lynching during World War I. Olli Kinkkonen, a Finnish immigrant was tarred, feathered and burned for evading the Draft. His death was listed as a suicide.


Elias Clayton, Elmer Jackson, and Isaac McGhie were seized on the night of June 15, 1920, and lynched in Duluth for the rape of Irene Tusken. The three men were simply grabbed at random from a crowd of African-American workers and were killed. Tusken later admitted she had invented the story to cover up sex out of wedlock with her boyfriend.

 
An angry crowd watches the lynching of William Brown in Omaha, Nebraska, on September 25, 1919. Brown, severely disabled by arthritis, was lynched on the courthouse steps for being a suspect in the assault of Agnes Loeback. A young Henry Fonda, though not in the picture, watched the burning of Brown’s body from across the Courthouse Square, and was deeply traumatized by the event. In his long acting career, his characters always championed social justice.

James Sullivan, William Howard, and Benjamin Payne were lynched in Seattle, Washington on January 18, 1882. Sullivan and Howard had been convicted of murder, but Payne was in jail on a minor charge. Although photographers were present, pictures were not taken, possibly because the men were white.  Nobody was prosecuted for these deaths. Most lynchings went unpunished.


In 1944, at Fort Lawton in Seattle, an Italian P.O.W., Gugliemo Olivotto, was found hanged in his cell. Military Prosecutor Leon Jaworski, who later became the famed Prosecutor of the Watergate scandal, sought convictions against the prison guards (all of whom were blacks) on the basis that they had lynched Olivotto. Although Jaworski managed to convict 28 of 44 Defendants, President Harry S. Truman pardoned them all in 1945. Jaworski was found to have made “egregious errors” in handling his prosecution of the African-American soldiers. No one remarked on the irony of the charges.


Roughly 25% of all lynchings (1,297) were of white people (including females), most of whom were considered too friendly to blacks. Interracial love affairs were a prime cause for the lynching of white women. 


In 1889, news-hungry Americans were suddenly titillated by lurid tales coming out of Wyoming about a notorious Outlaw Queen by the name of Cattle Kate. Kate was said to be a thief, a shameless prostitute, and, worst of all, a cattle rustler. Her deeds were so despicable, so the stories went, that a crowd of her God-fearing neighbors took it upon themselves to lynch her in order to save every soul in Christendom. Everybody who read about Cattle Kate agreed --- she had it coming.

There was only one problem. Cattle Kate never existed. The woman who died, Ella Watson, was a businesswoman, a landowner, and a rancher. She was also decently married, at least in the eyes of God since Wyoming did not allow married women to hold land titles.  Her successful independent ranch drew the attention of the Wyoming Stock Growers Association who first tried to buy Watson out, and when she refused, to force her to sell. Watson resisted.

Rather than argue with a woman, the WSGA had her lynched along with her husband, Jim Averell. Realizing after the fact that the lynching of a well-placed white woman might be looked upon in certain squeamish quarters as cold-blooded murder, the WSGA spent thousands of dollars buying type in newspapers near and far in order to create the myth of the irredeemable Cattle Kate, a name Ella Watson probably never heard in her lifetime.


The WSGA plan ultimately backfired. Though the WSGA seized Ella Watson’s lands and herds, enough people in Wyoming knew the truth of the story to spur the passage of a gender-equality Act in 1890 that also granted women the unprecedented right of suffrage. Ella Watson, fiercely independent and smart, sadly comes down to us through history as a feminine denizen of evil, but her death began the process that won women the vote. 

 
The lynching of Mary Turner, eight months pregnant and African-American, is of particular note. Turner’s husband had been lynched on May 18, 1918 as part of a cycle of violence surrounding the death of Hampton Smith, a plantation owner notorious for his abuse of blacks, who was killed by a black farmhand. When Mary spoke out against her husband’s random and meaningless killing, Mary was hanged. As she slowly strangled to death, her abdomen was cut open. The baby dropped to the ground, cried once, and was stomped to death by the mob. Her child’s death was the last thing Mary Turner ever saw. Her hanging body was riddled with gunfire and she was buried with her child at the roots of the hanging tree with a whiskey bottle as a grave marker.   

Immigrants and Jews were also lynched by enraged mobs.***

   



Of Jewish lynchings, the killing of Leo Frank in 1915 is the most well-known.  Frank, Texas-born but Brooklyn-raised, was the manager of an Atlanta pencil factory, and was accused by James Conley, a black employee, of raping and murdering Mary Phagan, a fourteen year old girl who likewise worked for Frank. It is telling that Conley was the State’s chief witness, as blacks were not allowed to testify against whites at the time (Frank, being Jewish, was not considered white).



This angelic photograph of pretty Mary Phagan, the rape-murder victim, was widely circulated to raise white Southern ire. Frank was convicted of the crime and sentenced to death, but the evidence pointed toward Conley being the perpetrator, and the Governor of Georgia commuted Frank’s sentence to life in prison. Two months after the commutation, Frank was seized from the prison (with the connivance of the staff) and was hanged by a cheering crowd that included the Judge who had convicted him. The ringleader of Frank’s lynching was Joseph Mackey Brown, a past two-term Governor of Georgia. Frank’s death led to a massive Jewish exodus from Georgia.****



Though they are not called lynchings such killings continue even today.


Trayvon Martin, carrying candy and soda, died on February 26, 2012 after an unauthorized pursuit by a neighborhood watchman, George Zimmerman, who shot him claiming self-defense. Zimmerman was not convicted of murder. 




Eric Garner (d. July 17, 2014) was selling loose cigarettes on a New York City streetcorner when he was approached by police officers. One officer placed Garner in an unauthorized chokehold. He suffocated. Although the entire incident was captured on video, the officer using the excessive force was not indicted.

 
The unarmed Michael Brown (d. August 9, 2014) was gunned down by a police officer in Ferguson, Missouri who claimed self-defense. Brown’s body remained lying in the street for four hours before it was taken to the morgue. His death led to weeks of protests in Ferguson and other cities. The media decried “street violence” and “thugs,” but the officer involved in the incident was not prosecuted.


Walter Scott (d. April 4, 2015) was fatally shot in the back by a police officer after being pulled over for a broken taillight. The officer, who had had excessive force complaints levied against him in the past, was indicted for murder.

 
 Freddie Gray (d. April 19, 2015) died under suspicious circumstances while in police custody for carrying a switchblade. Baltimore police later stated it was an illegal weapon, but Maryland State authorities disagreed. Within twenty minutes of being placed in a police van Gray’s spine was broken and he was paralyzed. The arresting officers were subsequently indicted for manslaughter and depraved-heart murder. 




On June 9, 2015, police were called to a gated community in Kinney, Texas.  Upon their arrival, they discovered that a large number of young African-American guests were using the predominantly white subdivision’s pool. Although the youngsters explained that they were present for a pool party, one officer became exceptionally bellicose, cursing at the children, and ordering them onto the ground. He sat on one young lady, forcing her face into the dirt. He also pulled his gun, but was hustled away by other officers before he could fire. The entire incident was captured on video. No one was killed, fortunately, but the officer’s abusive behavior led to an investigation which, as of this writing, is ongoing.


  
On June 17, 2015, a self-described white supremacist named Dylann Storm Roof entered “Mama” Emmanuel A.M.E. Church in Charleston, South Carolina, one of the oldest black churches in the nation dating back to 1816, and shot ten parishioners at Bible study, nine of whom (Cynthia Marie Graham Hurd, Susie Jackson, Ethel Lee Lance, Depayne Middleton-Doctor, Clementa C. Pinckney, Tywanza Sanders, Daniel Simmons, Sharonda Coleman-Singleton, and Myra Thompson) were killed. 



Roof escaped, but was captured in North Carolina. Some news outlets reported that Roof was provided with restaurant food by the police after his arrest.

Roof’s racist manifesto and his embrace of the Confederate flag have sparked a debate, long overdue, on the appropriate use and display of Confederate symbols in the United States.

While no one today condones “lynchings,” these shootings and killings (often by police) are usually explained away as being perpetrated against “thugs.” It is astounding how many young black men (in particular) fit this convenient description. Few of those responsible for such killings are called to account in any way. Race-based violence remains a staple of American society.


*The title of this post is taken from a 1911 article W.E.B. DuBois’ periodical The Crisis. DuBois writes: “If we are to die, in God’s name, let us perish like men and not like bales of hay.”

**The number of people lynched in the United States can never be known with certainty. In the early 19th Century, lynching was used as a form of rough frontier justice against people who had committed antisocial acts, whether criminal or not. Adulterous women were frequently lynched, as were runaway slaves, “uppity” free blacks, horse thieves, and shopkeepers (often Jewish) suspected of “fixing” their scales. After the Civil War, militarily defeated and socially marginalized southern whites used the lynching of blacks to vent their impotent rage at the larger society. The usual rationale that underlay many a lynching included a sex crime against a white woman, whether true or not. However, lynchings were perpetrated for minor incidents as well. One recorded lynching took place when a black man purchased the last Nehi Cola at a country store. Lynching statistics were first kept in 1882, but lynching was clearly a large enough issue to warrant recordkeeping prior to that date. Most Reconstruction Era lynchings are calculated through anecdotal evidence. Between the formal end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the final withdrawal of Federal troops from the South in 1882, figures for lynchings do not seem to exist, but the four year period mentioned likely saw several hundred lynchings. Of course, these figures do not include one-on-one murders of blacks by whites.   

***Most lynchings of whites (or races other than blacks) were perpetrated against new immigrants or against foreign nationals visiting the United States. 1892, the peak year for lynchings (230) in the U.S.,  saw the Federal Government pay out over $480,000.00 in hard currency to the governments of the United Kingdom, France, China, Japan, Russia, and other nations as indemnification for the wrongful deaths of their citizens in that year alone. In the last decade of the 19th Century, most overseas countries issued travel advisories regarding the dangers of being a foreigner in the United States.   

****Like most thinking Americans this blogger had presumed that lynchings occurred under cover of darkness and in remote and isolated areas, perpetrated by drunken mobs of ne’er-do-wells. This self-deception also allowed me to believe that while privately tolerated, lynchings and lynchers were publicly disdained. That vast crowds of responsible citizens and civic leaders would openly embrace and even lead these vigilante mobs, participating happily in the riotous carnival atmosphere and ghoulish souvenir-collecting of lynchings was a horrifying discovery for me. The images in this post are shocking, and they should shock. If you take away any lesson from this post, I hope it is that black lives, white lives, yellow, red, and brown lives matter; that all lives matter. As Americans, as members of the human race we can, and must, do better.

Lynchings, by Year and Race,
1882-1968*


Year
Whites
Blacks
Total


1882
64
49
113
1883
77
53
130
1884
160
51
211
1885
110
74
184
1886
64
74
138
1887
50
70
120
1888
68
69
137
1889
76
94
170
1890
11
85
96
1891
71
113
184
1892
69
161
230
1893
34
118
152
1894
58
134
192
1895
66
113
179
1896
45
78
123
1897
35
123
158
1898
19
101
120
1899
21
85
106
1900
9
106
115
1901
25
105
130
1902
7
85
92
1903
15
84
99
1904
7
76
83
1905
5
57
62
1906
3
62
65
1907
3
58
61
1908
8
89
97
1909
13
69
82
1910
9
67
76
1911
7
60
67
1912
2
62
64
1913
1
51
52
1914
4
51
55
1915
13
56
69
1916
4
50
54
1917
2
36
38
1918
4
60
64
1919
7
76
83
1920
8
53
61
1921
5
59
64
1922
6
51
57
1923
4
29
33
1924
0
16
16
1925
0
17
17
1926
7
23
30
1927
0
16
16
1928
1
10
11
1929
3
7
10
1930
1
20
21
1931
1
12
13
1932
2
6
8
1933
2
24
28
1934
0
15
15
1935
2
18
20
1936
0
8
8
1937
0
8
8
1938
0
6
6
1939
1
2
3
1940
1
4
5
1941
0
4
4
1942
0
6
6
1943
0
3
3
1944
0
2
2
1945
0
1
1
1946
0
6
6
1947
0
1
1
1948
1
1
2
1949
0
3
3
1950
1
1
2
1951
0
1
1
1952
0
0
0
1953
0
0
0
1954
0
0
0
1955
0
3
3
1956
0
0
0
1957
1
0
1
1958
0
0
0
1959
0
1
1
1960
0
0
0
1961
0
1
1
1962
0
0
0
1963
0
1
1
1964
2
1
3
1965
0
0
0
1966
0
0
0
1967
0
0
0
1968
0
0
0
Total
1,297
3,445
4,742