March 17, 1864---One by land, two by sea

MARCH 17, 1864:      

After both attending the Virginia conference of all senior Union Generals, Grant and Sherman meet privately in Cincinnati, Ohio to discuss their overall strategy for the war. Like General Winfield Scott’s naval blockade begun in 1861, the land-based Grant-Sherman Plan eventually acquires the same name, the “Anaconda Plan.” In sum, the Union land-based armies are to do as the Union Navy has done --- envelope geographic regions of the Confederacy, isolate them, and squeeze the life out of them one by one. 

Confederate States General Patrick Ronayne Cleburne was born on St. Patrick's Day 1828, in Ovens, County Cork, Ireland. He was only eighteen months of age when his mother died, and fifteen when his father died. He failed the entrance examinations to Trinity College in that year. Frustrated in his choice of the medical profession, Cleburne joined the British army. In 1851, he emigrated to the United States and became a citizen in 1860. He settled first in Arkansas and then moved to Mississippi, where he was admitted to the Bar.

When the Civil War came, he sided with the South. He rose to become a Confederate Major General. General Cleburne was publicly engaged to Susan Tarleton of Mobile, Alabama, though he was openly gay. His sexuality did not trouble the Southern leadership, however. General Robert E. Lee referred to him as “a meteor shining in the clouded sky”.

Cleburne fought with distinction in the Battles of Shiloh, Richmond, Perryville, Stones River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Ringgold Gap and Franklin. He was killed at the Battle of Franklin, Tennessee on November 30, 1864.

He despised slavery, and was the first leading Southerner to advocate arming and emancipating slaves who fought for the Confederacy.

150,000 Irishmen fought for the Union during the Civil War. 30,000 Irishmen fought for the Confederacy. Among the most famous of the Union's Irish units was the "Fighting 69th" of New York, but the 8th Alabama, the 10th Louisiana and the 10th Tennessee of the Confederacy were also all-Irish units.

The Fighting 69th

March 16, 1864---Nathan Bedford Forrest returns to Kentucky

MARCH 16, 1864:       

Despite orders from C.S. President Davis, General James A. Longstreet has refused to move his army into southern Kentucky, or even deeper into Tennessee; however, today, he follows the spirit if not the letter of President Davis’ command by ordering the always fiery General Nathan Bedford Forrest to raid freely throughout the region. Forrest, as is his wont, criticizes Longstreet for inaction.

March 15, 1864---Not a mob of armed ragamuffins

MARCH 15, 1864:       

Supply and distribution of military issue had been an ugly sticking point throughout the Civil War. 

Particularly in the early days of the war, shortages and profiteering had heavily impacted the availability of soldiers’ gear on both sides of the line. Throughout 1861, 1862, and on into early 1863, many fighting men ended up barefoot, North and South, since after several battles and interminably long marches their footgear would fall to pieces --- and could be replaced only catch-as-catch can. 

The Union was aggressive in addressing its shortages (and its profiteers). After the resignation of Secretary of War Simon Cameron, his successor Edwin Stanton frequently slept in his office chair since he was at work often ‘round the clock dealing with suppliers. 

By the Spring of 1863, every Union man had a foot locker bulging full of spare clothes and gear back at headquarters. Replacement gear was easily obtained for the asking. In the field the men were forced, of course, to make do with whatever they could carry. 

On this day, Charles Lepley, of the 103^rd Pennsylvania, Company E, notes in his diary: 

Several inches of snow fell last night but now at 12 [o’clock] it has almost disappeared by the influence of the Sun. Yesterday I Drawed 1 pr Pantaloons & 1 pr shoes.

 

Lepley’s Confederate counterparts could never draw from their Quartermasters quite so easily as did Lepley.  As a rule, and unlike Yankees, Rebels used their gear until it was no longer salvageable. 

However, after having had too many men fight barefoot, ragged, and ill-equipped at Antietam and Gettysburg, the Confederate Army Quartermaster Corps had become far more strict about keeping the men well supplied. The typical barefoot Confederate of 1864 was usually a farm boy who enjoyed walking without shoes (though he would wear them in battle). 

Increasingly severe shortages suffered by Rebel civilians were exacerbated by the Confederate government’s policy of directing the first and best of all materials to the army. 

A General Order issued just before the Battle of Chickamauga mandated that all men sent into battle must be properly supplied, dressed, and shod. Richmond made certain that Rebel troops in 1864 were not, as the popular media of today would have it, a mob of armed ragamuffins.   

March 14, 1864---The Battle of Fort DeRussy

MARCH 14, 1864:       

The Battle of Fort DeRussy. Fort DeRussy, a supposedly “impregnable” stronghold on the Red River, was strategically positioned so as to deny Union troops access to the city of Alexandria, Louisiana. On this day, 10,000 Union troops swarmed over the fort en masse, overwhelmed the 350 Confederate defenders, and opened the river road to Alexandria.

 

Confederate Fort DeRussy in Louisiana should not be confused with its Union counterpart in Washington D.C., or its modern counterpart in Hawaii.

March 13, 1864---The Latin American Civil War

MARCH 13, 1864:      

Although mainstream American history neatly glosses this fact, the territorial expansion of the United States was undertaken largely at the expense of Spanish-speaking peoples, whether they were Spaniards, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Filipinos, or Guamanians. 

After the 1840s, when the border moved south to the Rio Grande, the United States acquired a large, largely-ignored Spanish-speaking population. In the 19^th Century, it was comprised primarily of Tejanos, Texans of Mexican origin. 

As it was with all Americans, Tejanos fought on both sides in the war, and in all theatres of the war and in all major battles. Many remained loyal to their home soil of Texas (if not strongly in favor of the Confederacy) despite being chronically ill-equipped and ill-provisioned by Richmond and Austin. The 33rd Texas (C.S.A.), commanded by Colonel Santos Benavides, was an all-Tejano unit which was never defeated by Union forces.

Many Tejanos, feeling either loyalty to the United States or, alternatively, that the Confederacy treated them in a disparaging fashion, chose to fight for the United States, like Captain Rafael Chacon of the New Mexico Volunteers (U.S.A.).  

The 2nd Texas Cavalry (U.S.A.) was an all-Tejano unit that fought in the ongoing Red River Campaign.

Other Tejanos struggled to come to terms with what they saw as strictly an “Anglo” Civil War. Some crossed the Rio Grande and sought asylum in Mexico; these illegal immigrants were often hanged by the French-dominated Mexican government as “invaders.”

On this day, Cecilio Balerio, a Tejano guerrilla fighting for the Union, defeated the Confederates in the bloody hand-to-hand Battle of San Patricios, Texas, that is considered part of the Red River Campaign.