May 28, 1864: About Major Pauline Cushman; The Battle of Haw's Shop; The Battle of Totopotomoy Creek; The Battle of Dallas, Georgia

MAY 28, 1864:            

As The Army of The Potomac moves around the right flank of The Army of Northern Virginia, Marse Robert orders his men into action to break Grant’s forward momentum. The result is a string of bloody battles: 

The Battle of Haw’s Shop (The Battle of Enon Church): 

General Wade Hampton C.S.A. and his cavalry, on a reconnaissance in force to discover Union movements, run into a Union cavalry brigade under General Philip Sheridan engaged in the same task. A bloody seven hour battle develops. Early in the battle, Wade Hampton, seeing that his men outnumber the Union men, exclaims famously, “We’ve got them right where we want them!” Close quarter battle occurs between Confederate and Union dismounted cavalry that takes lives and spills blood, but gives neither side an advantage. Both sides dig in to fixed battle lines. Late in the day, the Confederate cavalry are pushed back from the vicinity of Haw’s Shop by Union cavalry under the command of George Armstrong Custer. However, both sides claim victory, Sheridan because he drove Hampton from the field and Hampton because he disrupted Sheridan’s force. The Battle of Haw’s Shop was the second bloodiest cavalry battle in the war (although it was mostly fought by unhorsed men), and cost each side roughly 400 men. 

The Battle of Totopotomoy Creek :

As the Battle of Haw’s Shop goes on not far away, Grant’s forces engage Lee’s along Totopotomoy Creek. Lee presumes correctly that this is the main body trying to swing around his flank, and orders his men to contest the ground fiercely. General Jubal Early C.S.A.’s line crashes headlong into Winfield Scott Hancock U.S.A.’s line. Both sides take heavy casualties. 750 Federal soldiers are killed (there are few wounded), while the Confederacy loses 1,300 men (400 killed, a large percentage officers).

The fighting along this line is so intense that the two sides actually salute each other for their bravery while in battle. One Union man was to write later:  

"The slaughter was so sickening that Major Hartshorne leaped to his feet and called upon his assailants to surrender. Some hundreds did so. Rebels or no rebels, their behavior and bearing during the charge had won the admiration of their captors, who did not hesitate to express it." 

Lieutenant C.B. Christian C.S.A., wrote to the Richmond Times-Dispatch, describing the battle in some detail. He began: 

Sir,—This was the bloodiest fight of our Civil War considering the number engaged on our side. The per cent. in killed and wounded was three times as great as that of the French at the battle of Waterloo. The loss of officers was full ninety per cent. of all engaged (mostly killed).

Another surviving Virginian confirmed this in his own reminiscences: "Our line melted away as if by magic. Every brigade, staff and field officer was cut down, (mostly killed outright) in an incredibly short time." 

As various Union units maneuver in the general area they run into Confederate units. The two sides attack each other with abandon. Ongoing battles develop at Crump’s Creek, Shady Grove Road, and Hanovertown, that last the next several days.

The Battle of Dallas, Georgia:

As Lee and Grant engage ever nearer Richmond, Sherman and Johnston engage ever nearer Atlanta. A Confederate “test” of Sherman’s line is repulsed with heavy casualties at the town of Dallas, Georgia. 

 

On this day, The New York Times reports the story of Major Pauline Cushman, a Federal Scout and Spy who penetrated the Headquarters of General Braxton Bragg and stole a set of his General Orders. The news story reads in part: 

Among the women of America who have made themselves famous since the opening of the rebellion, few have suffered more or rendered more service to the Federal cause than Miss Maj. PAULINE CUSHMAN, the female scout and spy. At the commencement of hostilities she resided in Cleveland, Ohio, and was quite well known as a clever actress . . .

She was [ ] employed by Gen. ROSECRANS, and was for many months with the Army of the Cumberland. She visited the rebel lines time after time . . . She was twice suspected of being a spy, and taken prisoner, but managed to escape . . .

At last, however, she was not so fortunate. After our forces had capture[d] Nashville, Maj. CUSHMAN made a scout towards Shelbyville to obtain information on the strength and position of the enemy, and while returning to Nashville, was captured on the Hardin pike, eleven miles from the latter city. She was placed on a horse, and in charge of two scouts, was being taken to Spring Hill, the headquarters of FORREST . . .

Knowing that her guards had important papers for Gen. BRAGG, the quick-witted spy seized the fact and schemed to use it to her advantage . . .

Seeing an old negro, who appeared to commiserate her unfortunate plight, she watched her opportunity and placed $10 . . . in his hand, saying: "run up the road, Uncle, and come back in a few minutes, telling us that four hundred Federals are coming down the street." The faithful negro obeyed the order literally, and soon came back in the greatest excitement, telling the story . . . saying: "Massa, dey's cumin, sure nuff; de Lord help us, dey is cumin" . . . 

The scouts at this believed his story, mounted their horses, and "skedaddled" for the woods. Miss CUSHMAN, seizing a pistol belonging to a wounded solider [sic] in the house, also mounted her horse and fled towards Franklin. She travelled through the rain, and, after nightfall, lost her way. Soon came the challenge of a picket, "Who comes there?" Thinking she had reached the rebel line, she said: "A friend of JEFF. DAVIS." "All right," was the reply, "advance and give the countersign." . . . She presented the countersign in the shape of a canteen of whisky. She passed five pickets in this way, but the sixth and last was obdurate . . .

She was taken to the headquarters of FORREST and he sent her, after a critical examination, to Gen. BRAGG. Nothing could be found against her until a secesh woman stole her garters, under the inner sole of which were found [the] important documents which clearly proved her to be a spy . . .

She was tried and condemned to be executed as a spy  [but was suffering from an illness that delayed her execution] . . .

She finally, after lying in prison three months, sent for Gen. BRAGG, and asked him if he had no mercy. She received from him the comforting assurance that he should make an example of her, and that he should hang her as soon as she got well enough to be hung decently . . .

While in this state of suspense, the grand army of ROSECRANS commenced its forward movement, and one fine day the rebel town where she wos [sic] imprisoned was surprised and captured, and the heroine of this tale was, to her great joy, released. 

May 27, 1864---The Battle of Pickett's Mill

MAY 27, 1864:

In Virginia, Grant is moving due south along the Pamunkey River. Lee is moving directly south, overland.  

 

The Battle of Pickett’s Mill: 

    

Still scarred from the Battle of New Hope Church, General William T. Sherman U.S.A. crosses swords this day with General Patrick Cleburne C.S.A. 

Troops under the command of Sherman’s subordinate General William B. Hazen U.S.A. attack the end of Cleburne’s line, which reacts as if stung. A vicious firefight breaks out during which the Union is outmatched in sheer ferocity. Three Union attack waves are each beaten back. 

 
The battle, which begins at 4:30 P.M. lasts until after 10:00 P.M., making it one of the few night actions of the Civil War.  Sherman sustains more than 1,600 casualties to top Cleburne’s 500.  

 Although Sherman has moved south toward Atlanta from the Tennessee border with incredible rapidity (especially for a 19^th Century force) and is within striking distance of Marietta, for the first time in this campaign, after the twin losses of New Hope Church and Pickett’s Mill, Sherman’s forward momentum is checked. He is forced to withdraw elements of his vanguard in order to return them to the railhead to resupply.  

May 26, 1864---The Battle of The North Anna River (Day Four)

MAY 26, 1864:            

The Battle of The North Anna River (Day Four):          

After a morning of inaction, Ulysses S. Grant decides that there is nothing more he wants along the banks of the North Anna River, and he gives his army the order to move south toward Richmond.  As The Army of The Potomac begins to pull up stakes so, perforce, must The Army of Northern Virginia. Lee has no choice but to once again move into a blocking position between Grant and Richmond. And so, the Battle of The North Anna River ends. Of all the major battles of the Overland Campaign, the Battle of The North Anna River is the least bloody, with a total of about 5,000 casualties (1,000 dead) divided equally.

Grant is correct when he says that a “battle with [the Confederates] outside of intrenchments cannot be had. Our men feel that they have gained the morale over the enemy.” From this point forward, Lee’s men will fight only from fixed positions, and Confederate morale is steadily eroding. But Grant, misinterpreting Lee’s inaction at the North Anna River as a loss of esprit de corps, has been lulled into thinking that the enemy is nearly defeated. The Army of Northern Virginia is far from beaten, as Grant will soon discover to his everlasting regret.   

Exact conditions in The Army of Northern Virginia circa May 1864 are hard to assess from 150 years in the future; records are incomplete, perhaps never kept, perhaps lost, perhaps destroyed. What can be ascertained is that the Confederate Army is exhausted after a month of outrunning the Union Army. Food stocks are far poorer than those of the Union Army; the Confederate soldier is living on about half the calories of his Union counterpart. Supplies and ammunition are becoming harder to come by. Lee must beg, borrow, and steal from Commands in other theatres in order to keep his men in fighting trim. Ultimately, this pattern of “borrowing from Peter to pay Paul” will undo the entire military structure of the Confederacy.  But, in the meanwhile, the relative quiet of the Battle of The North Anna River has allowed the Southerners to rest, eat better meals, and replace or repair worn out gear. Lee has received supplies, food, and fresh troops from P.G.T. Beauregard, Joseph E. Johnston, and other Confederate field commanders, not as many or as much as he needs, but enough to continue the fight. Lee is probably leading a force of about 50,000 men after the Battle of The North Anna River. He is outnumbered 2-to-1, but his fighting men still have their moxie. 

 In Georgia, after the defeat at New Hope Church, Sherman shrugs, and continues toward Atlanta. The two great cities still in Confederate hands have been marked for the taking.

The United States Congress creates the Territory of Montana from part of the Idaho Territory.

May 25, 1864---The Battle of The North Anna River (Day Three); The Battle of New Hope Church

MAY 25, 1864:            

 The Battle of The North Anna River  (Day Three):         

As the sun rises in Virginia, the Army of Northern Virginia beholds a sight never seen before. Overnight, the Army of The Potomac has entrenched itself in a line running parallel to the Confederate position. The Springtime banks of the North Anna River presage the green fields of France in another Great War yet to be fought 2,000 miles away across a wide ocean fifty years in the future.

It is a strange day of warfare. Neither side seems to know how to conduct the battle from their fixed positions. Robert E. Lee is still ill, and his only orders have been to hold the line. Ulysses S. Grant does not want to rush the Rebel works in a replay of Spotsylvania, and so his orders are essentially the same:  To hold the line.  Small arms fire crackles intermittently across the open and empty field, a no-man’s land, between the lines. Occasionally, a section of the line erupts into an exchange of fire when the opponents spot movement in their dopplegangered earthworks, but these firefights start suddenly and end suddenly, without pattern or real purpose.

In the late afternoon, the Union surprises the Confederacy by cutting the Virginia Central Railroad, the Rebels’ main supply line; Lee’s army has been receiving supplies and reinforcements by train throughout the battle. As it turns out, the cutting of the rail line means little, so late in the battle. 

In Georgia, William T. Sherman’s Army of The Mississippi engages with Joseph E. Johnston’s Army of Tennessee at New Hope Church. The Union attack over difficult terrain is thwarted, and the Union suffers 1,600 casualties. The Confederacy suffers 350.

May 24, 1864---The Battle of The North Anna River (Day Two); The Battle of Wilson's Wharf

MAY 24, 1864:             

The Battle of The North Anna River  (Day Two):                     

Union troops cross the North Anna River in force without encountering resistance. The Confederates fall back. Although Grant and his commanders assume this is a retreat, the Army of Northern Virginia is only taking up its positions behind the entrenchments and earthworks they spent the night preparing.

The day nearly goes South when the hard-drinking Brigadier General James H. Ledlie U.S.A., who has chosen today to go on a ferocious bender, decides to take on the entire western flank of the Hog Snout (nine brigades under General A.P. Hill, C.S.A.) with his single brigade.  Although Ledlie is ordered not to attack, he orders an infantry charge against a line of Confederate cannons, regardless. His men, charging into the mouths of cannons, wisely hit the deck. Although the cannon shot passes over them, the massed infantry in the trenches behind the cannons begins firing at will. Fortunately for the Union men, a violent thunderstorm comes up, and soaks everybody and everything, including Confederate powder. The shooting on that flank stops suddenly, and the men crawl back to safety, most none the worse for wear, but muddy. Unbelievably enough, the brigade receives a commendation for gallantry (which they deserve) and Ledlie is promoted to a Divisional Command (which he does not deserve). He is to become historically notorious in late July for his actions during The Battle of The Crater.

Elsewhere on the field, the Union charges headlong into the entrenchments, but the rain forces a halt to the attack. A few men use bayonets, but most are just glad to get out of the rain. The battle goes on as the weather dries, but in fits and starts. Once Grant receives Intelligence that the apex of the arrowhead or the “hog snout” is the strongest position held by Lee, he exults, much to the surprise of his subordinates.  

Grant realizes that Lee is offering him another Muleshoe, another heavily fortified position to attack, another Bloody Angle. Grant declines Lee’s invitation. Despite seeing Gray troops on the field, Grant correctly ascertains that Lee has no intention of attacking The Army of The Potomac. Grant writes:

Lee's army is really whipped. The prisoners we now take show it, and the actions of his Army show it unmistakably. A battle with them outside of intrenchments cannot be had. Our men feel that they have gained the morale over the enemy, and attack him with confidence. I may be mistaken but I feel that our success over Lee's army is already assured.

The Army of Northern Virginia has a serious problem, though Grant cannot know it. Lee, after weeks of stressful campaigning, is suddenly struck down by The Old Soldier’s Disease, a very bad case of touristas. Too sick to effectively run the battle himself, Lee has no one of sufficient mettle to do so in his stead. Jackson is now long dead, Stuart more recently so; Longstreet is absent, recovering from wounds.

With no one to run the battle, the Southerners are told simply to hold the line, even as Grant refuses to rush the line.  The day ends inconclusively.  

The Battle of Wilson’s Wharf:          

Benjamin Butler’s Army of The James leaves its base at The Bermuda Hundred to tangle with flank elements of The Army of Northern Virginia. It is a Union victory, albeit a small one. However, it marks the first time that The Army of Northern Virginia faces United States Colored Troops in battle. To be defeated by “Colored” troops is so psychologically difficult for the Southerners to bear that postwar memoirists invent a story of Union gunboats shelling their position in order to force their defeat. However, the Union has no record of gunboats being assigned to the operation. Nor does any Union veteran recall gunboats being present.